(Lecture for DasArts Advanced School of Arts, part of the “Who is I” series, under supervision of publicist Karin Spaink and film director Titus Muizelaar, in which, among others, artist Wim T. Schippers and philosopher Bas Haring participated. Amsterdam, fall 2008.)
Hi everybody,
You have read that I’m going to talk about my experiences with being crazy, insane, and the difficulties insanity creates around the concept of ‘I’. This may incite some interest, and some gut fears, especially the insanity part. What do I mean exactly when I say insanity? Am I still insane at this moment? What kind of a person do you see before you? Yes, a smiling bald man with a goatee in casual clothes. I sound coherent, I seem like a real person. For all you know, I was invited to lecture in this program, so I may have something interesting to say. But this insanity part remains disturbing, and a bit scary.
Your gut fears are real. All of you, none excluded and some of you even more likely than the average person, if I have read my books on artists correctly, can become insane. The only thing it takes is encouraging your brain to short-circuit and start misfiring. This can be achieved by suprisingly mundane causes, such as sleep deprivation, starvation and (self inflicted) pain, provided that these are intense and prolonged. Some extreme forms of asceticism seem to work that way. For myself it was an enduring, heavy pain in the neck, due to nerve damage just below my brain stem, experienced for several years after a skiing accident, that eventually pushed me over the side. I got into the accident when I was 26, speeding down a difficult slope with very little training. I must have thought I was immortal, silly me. I could have just broken a leg, but I was unlucky and landed precisely on my neck. When I was 30, almost a decade ago, the endless pain made me sink into a deep depression, after which I lost my mind. I am now on good medication, thank you. Interestingly, since I take the meds for my sanity, the pain in my neck is also gone.
There are of course more exotic and swifter ways to loose your sanity, then the ones I just mentioned. Intoxication by various chemical substances can accelerate the process greatly. For instance, in the town of Salem in 1692, eight young townswomen fell victim to “fits, outbreaks of obscene babbling, and wild partying in the local woodland.” The girls claimed they were bewitched and possessed by the devil. There are many researchers who attribute their weird witchy behaviour to ergot poisoning, a mould that grows on wheat that is stored under wet conditions. From this mould LSD was synthesized in the 1930’s by Swiss scientist Albert Hofmann.
Along with these seemingly random outbursts of madness, which were common in the days before we discovered (food)hygiene, In some cultures making the brain misfire, short-circuiting it on purpose in various forms, has been institutionalized and endorsed for a long time. Here’s a provocative thought: it is my personal belief that in the Far East it is common practice to approach the edge of reason so slowly and methodically, as a monk or as a devotee, that crossing the boundary into insanity becomes a reversible process, and can be called ‘enlightenment’ (author Robert Pirsig argues along similar lines in his book Lila). The devotee or monk ever so slowly ‘ascends’, due to various forms of asceticism, grounding himself at the same time with daily repeated rituals, working towards a result that is documented and is part of a long standing tradition. The devotee therefore does not suffer ‘the spiritual bends’, spiritual decompression sickness, as I like to call it, when he goes ‘out of his mind’. I call it the spiritual bends because the experience of going crazy, becoming psychotic is as toxic to the brain as a too swift ascent from the deep is for the body of a diver. Most people suffer dearly after a psychosis, and they suffer twice. The first time due to the very nature of the disease, that works on the brains subtle connections like a forest fire on a forest ecosystem. And the second time because there is neither a cultural nor a medical framework for their experiences and insights acquired during psychosis. Their, often amazing and always very real experiences are defined within our cultural framework, as not real, as delusions, and as wrong, something to shy away from.
In the Far west, on the other hand, for many centuries Native Americans went on ‘vision quests’. So called ‘Shamans’ in Nothern Europe did similar things. Both used the above mentioned methods of prolonged and serious deprivation of stabilizing factors, combined with with the ingestion of various herbs and certain moulds, while ritually beating a drum, dancing and chanting, to intoxicate their brain, so they could travel beyond the boundaries of sanity and normal existence, and have near death experiences similar to psychosis. They deliberately encouraged their brains to misfire and conjure up delusions, ‘daytime dreams’ and ‘visions’. In these visions their spirit animal ot Totem appeared to them. In other words, they learnt what kind of a person they really were. They defined themselves by means of these experiences. Again: there was a cultural framework, a tradition for what they did. I myself, interestingly, in this context, have repeatedly been confronted with polar bears in various stuffed forms or in the artisanal work and other stuff that littered my place after a period of madness. The thing is, I am generally not very interested in polar bears. I am still trying to figure out what having a polar bear as a Totem in this day and age exactly means… It is anyone’s guess, since we have no framework for these experiences.
Now this person word is interesting. ‘The kind of person I realy am’. ‘I am’... what does this ‘I’ mean, exactly?’ In our enlightened, reasonable West (we’ve been proudly calling ourselves that for the last 220 years or so) we tend to define what a person is very differently from how native Americans or Shamans define it. In 2008 I attended a lecture bij Peter Hacker, a renowned British philosopher, whose principal expertise is in the philosophy of mind and philosophy of language, who wrote a.o. some articles on Peter Frederick Strawson and his concept of a person.
Peter Hacker doesn’t like the way neuroscientists and philosophers such as Antonio Damasio and Daniel Dennett go about neuroscience. He thinks that ‘the nature of consciousness’ or ‘the mind-body problem’ cannot be solved by neuroscience, he argues in fact that they are not real problems at all, but mirages arising from conceptual confusion. In his 2003 book “Philosophical Foundations of Neuroscience“, co-authored with neuroscientist M. Bennett, Hacker elaborates on his views, and criticizes the ideas of neuroscientists and philosophers such as Francis Crick, Damasio, Dennett and others. To put it simply, you could say that Peter Hacker doesn’t like thinkers who try to explain traffic jams by looking at a cars innnards.
So far so good. In his lecture Hacker tried looking at the car as a whole, he was trying to explain what a ‘person’ is. Hacker argued in his lecture that the term person, like many other things, has undergone an evolution through time. The Ancient Greeks according to Hacker went entirely without persons, making exceptions of course for their ruling caste, something that apparently went rather well. In Roman times a person was something like ‘a character in a play’, conjured up when needed and forgotten in the day to day reality of slavery, bread and games. From the sixth century ones personality became the same as one’s clearly defined role in society. Thus Hacker arrived at our modern concept of a person, that is implicitly explained in his paper THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF EMOTIONS. Hacker argued that whether you are a person or not, depends on a couple of factors. To be a person, one must have a complex language, one must be rational, one must have a notion of morality, of good and bad, one must know sorrow and other emotions, and there were more properties…
During the following questions session I explained to Hacker that I have been psychotic I couple of times in the past, and that in this condition I am not in command of a coherent language and I am certainly neither moral nor rational. At these times I lack the essential properties that dr. Hacker had previously defined as being necessary for being a person. My question was obviously whether Hacker would consider me to be a person, during those episodes, or not.
For dr. Hacker, this could have been an excellent occasion to illustrate his own concept. He could have said that it was very well possible that, although he could give me no definite answer without exhaustive research, according to his own definitions, during my psychoses I was apparently not a person. Unfortunately the most esteemed Peter Hacker, and probably with the best possible intentions, backed out of my question with some universal human rights platitudes. For me however it had been a fruitful evening, because it further illustrated the problem that we as an intellectual society have with the concept of ‘I’, in relation to insanity and insane people.
According to The French philosopher Michel Foucault, any society that deals with deviants will mobilize its cultural immune system, to encapsulate and quarantine them, either by defining them as monsters or as gods. Likewise insane people are paradoxically often used as reference points by normal society, to define it’s own boundary’s: This usually shows up in conversations you all have heard at one time or another, that go along the following lines: “So, you are from the east side of town? Then you must know mrs. Brown. Her son John commited suicide, what was it, four years ago? He jumped in front of the nine o clock train. Everybody thought he was a genius, that he was gonna be special. Turned out he was schizophrenic.” I reckon most of you must have heard or overheard this kind of boundary defining conversation, or recognize parts of it. This is how society reafirms its own laws.
Back to monsters and gods. Talented artists, scientists, pop stars etc., that have apparently crossed the boundaries of normal society and survived, nowadays are seen as a little bit of both, I believe. They are in contact with genius, ‘something out there’. Michel Foucault argues in his famous work Folie et Deraison, ‘madnes and unreason‘, translated as Madness and civilization, that before all of Europe followed René Descartes et al. into the enlightened age of reason, madmen or ‘fools’ were seen in our society as special persons, sometimes even as messengers of the gods. They were believed to have insights directly gathered from a sphere of knowledge ‘normal folks’ cannot enter. The medieval word for this was oncunnynge, from which we get our word cunning. The unreason or oncunnynge of madmen was seen as an intuition superior to logic, an understanding of truth the rational mind is incapable of.
Ever since the age of enlightenment, madmen and their oncunnynge have disappeared, and the psychotic experiences of ‘psychiatric patients’ have taken their place. These are of course the same madmen, but now with constraints. In the early years there were shackles and straightjackets, and more recently modern shackles and psychiatric medication are used. The meds also robbed them of their dignity. The strange, stiff walking, the drooling often associated with mental disorder, these are actually side effects of pschiatric drugs. This is unfortunate, but probably the best thing we have, for now. Although I think many shrinks could describe more modern psychiatric meds, that have less side effects. Many shrinks say they use haloperidol, first synthesized by Belgian pharmacologist Paul Janssen in the 1950’s, as a reference treatment. This always sounds a bit odd to me. You never see surgeons use bloodletting as a reference treatment, do you?
But a really a sad and disturbing development is, that ever since the advent of modern psychiatry there has been very little supporting culture for the experiences of mad men and women. You may find it interesting that, as Michel Foucault describes in his collection of essays on Psychiatric Power, the (under) class of people known as ‘psychiatric patients’ arrived in our day to day lingo at around the same time that psychiatrists started to appear, during the medicalization of madness that started at the beginning of the nineteenth century. Oncunnynge has disappeared, psychiatrists tend to encourage patients nowadays to forget about what they experienced during psychosis ASAP. I believe that this does not help people recover. Acknowledging the fact that they have had a relatively uncommon, life changing experience, an encounter beyond the edge of reason, a dip in the collective subconcious, a back stage meet-and-greet with ‘the divine’, or ‘the force’, what ever you want to call it, can help patients on their long, long road to recovery, that can take years. Some of them never recover.
In ancient Greece apparently, the same term that signifies ‘revelation’, Ἀποκάλυψις Apokálypsis; “lifting of the veil”, was also used for the jabbering of a mad person. The Greek saw similarities between ‘revelation’, and the incoherent language of the insane. It is easy to see where this comes from: the priests of the famous Greek Oracle of Delphi used deraison, incoherent language, to do their their day to day work. The priests of the Oracle worked with a group of peasant women from the area, so called Pythia’s, that sat in a hidden chamber in the temple of Apollo on a tripod seat, over a fissure in the earth. According to the Greek historian Plutarch, the toxic fumes that arose from this crevice came from the decomposing body of a great dragon named Python. The sun-god of reason Apollo had slain that large beast of irrationality, and its body lay in the crevice. Intoxicated by the vapors, the women would fall into a trance, allowing Apollo to possess their spirit. In this state they prophesied. If to you this Apollo-needs-Python’s-fumes construction seems like an odd jumble of the rational and the irrational, well: it is.
It has been postulated that Plutarch’s vapors were in reality volcanic gasses. This has not been confirmed. But recently researchers have found large intersecting geological faults beneath the site of the oracle’s temple. These intersecting faults break through a limestone formation that contains large quantities of a tarlike substance called bitumen. During and after earthquakes gasoline-like vapours from this ‘oily’ limestone escape through the cracks. As any kid sniffing glue an tell you, light hydrocarbon fumes have narcotic effects. The Pythia’s inspiration probably came from inhaling those fumes. The Oracle of Delphi story implies that in the days of old, at least one group of people: the priests operating the Delphi oracle, must have been aware of the connection between the misfiring of a diseased, intoxicated brain and so called ‘revelation’.
If we really understand this fact, we can start to see that Neurotheology, a current steam of thought that assumes that the founders of the great religions probably suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy, or some related brain dysfunction, and the fact that for instance in South American religions psychoactive concoctions of the Ayahuasca-vine are used as a ceremonial brew, explains exactly nothing at all about what people that follow these religions experience. I personally feel that saying you can explain away religious experiences in this way, is like saying that Vincent van Goghs paintings are the diseased works of a madman.
We are fortunate in these times, that with the help of modern medicine, many people whose brains are genetically more likely to seriously dysfunction, and who would, only several decades ago, certainly have been expelled by society’s immune system and died, today can survive and continue functioning. Some even dare to tell their tale. Take Jill Bolte Taylor, for instance. One morning, a large blood vessel in her brain exploded. As a brain scientist, dr. Taylor realized she had a ringside seat to her own stroke. As she walked to the bathroom, she felt her brain functions shut down one by one: motion, speech, memory, self-awareness. Because a blood clot the size of a golf ball was severely damaging her left hemisphere, it’s controlling functions receded; her stroke unleashed a torrent of creative energy from her right hemisphere. Jill felt how the boundaries between her self, the person she was, and the tiles of the bathroom she was in, completely disappeared. She was one with the tiles, she ‘melted’ into her surroundings and felt an ecstatic joy and completely at peace and in harmony with the world around her. However, when she went into the livingroom and tried to pick up the phone for help, she found she had lost the ability to talk. “I sounded like a golden retriever”, she says. Fortunately, a colleague brain scientist on the line understood her predicament, even though she obviously would not have passed Peter Hackers person– test. Dr. Bolte Taylor was rushed to a hospital, got mayor brain surgery and survived. Amazed to find herself alive, Taylor spent eight years recovering her ability to think, walk and talk. She has now become a spokesperson for stroke recovery and for the possibility of coming back from brain injury stronger than before. “I’ve gotten as much out of the experience of losing my left mind as I have in my entire academic career.” says dr. Bolte Taylor. You can find her moving story on TED talks. When I first read of Dr. Taylors experiences, I was amazed at how similar they were to my own, during psychosis. I realized how lucky I was, that I had only needed several months to recover from my experiences. Combining the experiences of dr. Bolte Taylor with the numerous accounts of psychiatric patients and people that cross the boundaries of reason and of their self in other ways I have collected, I feel I can summarize:
1. Yes, psychoses, strokes and other near death experiences are symptoms of a diseased brain.
2. Yes, what people experience during psychoses, strokes and other near death experiences can be seen as an intimate encounter with ‘the divine’, ‘the collective subconcious’, ‘the wet stuff’, ‘the force’, ‘the truth out there’, etc. I like to call it inspiration in it’s purest form, with a caveat: poison is in the dose.
3. The concept of ‘I’, a person, doesn’t seem to apply very well to people experiencing a psychoses, a stroke or other near death experience.
So yes, we need to medicate and help these people, but there is no need to add insult to injury by denying people who have suffered dearly, access to the contents of their experiences beyond reason, or calling them just delusions. And yes, they present a bit of a problem for philosophers, because, when you feel you are completely one with the world around you, who is ‘I’, exactly?
Furthermore, when talking about what it means to be a person, dr. Bolte Taylor feels she has become more than the person she was, through her experience of losing her mind, rather than less. Of course we all feel this is true on a certain gut level, and that is why we gather in rather dark establishments to intoxicate our brains with beverages containing ethanol, or more damaging stuff, and move in unison to drum beats, modern versions of the Shaman beating his drum, to induce trance among the members of his tribe, to get into a mild state of intoxication ourselves and alleviate the weight of our boundaries, the crust of form, society’s formalities, that keep us apart, and become part of a greater ‘I’. Interestingly the culture surrounding these events pays homage to the original traditions seeking a greater ‘I’. I myself believe that my psychoses and dr. Taylors near death experience indeed involved the melting of our private experience into a greater pool of experience, filled with inspiration and enthousiasm in their purest form. ‘All you need is love,‘ as the Beatles already sang long ago. You of course remember, from the history of that band, that love alone is not enough. Inspiration and enthousiasm in their purest form are not good for you: again, poison is in the dose. One also needs sleep and health and a reasonably clean house, to name a few. Not to mention the fact that a certain percentage of experiences with the magical stuff that connects us all are very dark in indeed. For paranoid schizophrenics melting with ‘The whole’ simply means everybody is watching you and tracking your every move. A horrible experience. Likewise, some people have reported hellish near death experiences.
Back to melting into the whole: Dutch publicist Karin Spaink writes, about getting drunk with her friend Blixa Bargeld: We drink more sake and talk more. The conversation flows as easily as the sake does. Never a hint of silence, never an empty glass. I am Blixa Bargeld, and I’m getting tipsy. I might need to lay down a few hours before the gig tomorrow and sleep off some of the sake. It’s excellent sake. Here exactly we see the root of the problem: once you become too much dissolved into the ‘greater whole’, and loose the boundaries that represent your ‘I’, you tend to want to stay that way. Which due to the amphibious nature of this world and our bodies in it means, that for all practical purposes, you are f***ed. You see, on the one hand, let’s call it the wet lower half, according to which all the wavelets we call ‘I’ are one ocean, there is Einstein’s famous Energy equals Matter times ‘some constant factor’, which many people interpret as meaning that “all matter is merely energy condensed to a slow vibration, and we are all one consciousness experiencing itself subjectively,” as drug loving comedian Bill Hicks only half jokingly told us in the nineties, and our right mind half constantly whispers to us in the background.
On the other hand there is the dry upper half, in which we are all separate: ‘some constant factor’ is equal to the speed of light times itself, which as you might know is a very large number indeed, and represents a ditto boundary between dreams and reality. Now, our brains and our bodies might function a bit like catalytic converters, that can lower this daunting treshold significantly, but, as the very nature of hangovers and the time people take to recover from near death experiences tells us, there are very real things in this world that follow each other causally and sequentially: for instance, the owner of a certain attractive bodily manifestation of the collective consciousness you meet in a bar, may not at all be attracted to your particular genetic configuration. And then there are the morning-afters, the deadlines, the taxi drivers, the closing walls and the ticking clocks, that our left brain has to deal with day by day. We all know what happened to the jolly cricket that danced and sang all summer.
For this reason most people are contented with staying for the greater part of their lives very much themselves, separate persons on the dry half of reality, dipping in their toes in now and then at a party and vicariously enjoying a swim in the wet through various art forms, as Bill Hicks eloquently told us: “I believe drugs have done good things for us, and if you don’t think drugs have done good things for us, do me a favor, go home and take all your favorite books, videos, albums, tapes, cds…and burn them. Cause, you know what, all those artists and musicians who made that great stuff that has enhanced your lives throughout the years…real f***ing high on drugs.”
I won’t deny it: yes, there are bonanzas in the wet, you could end up being a famous French writer like Baudelaire, or writing ‘Alice in wonderland‘ or ‘Smells like Teen Spirit‘, something collective that we can all identify with. But the wet is also fraught with danger, Cobain, Hendrix, Joplin and very, very many others, they all got caught up in the undertow. Some, like RHCP guitarist John Frusciante, barely survived. The funny thing is, we look at most people who tried to mind-melt with ‘the whole’ not as less than, but as more then persons. Of course this thing works only one way. You need a special kind of junkie or crazy person to catch the big fish in the wet. Most junkies and loonies will just tell you irrational gibberish as fluid as the content of their misfiring brains, and have a very hard time describing what they experienced, afterwards. Peter Hacker would possibly not consider them to be persons, while they are intoxicated, but I would. They saw and see stuff similar to what the saints and Jim Morrison saw. I believe we can better help these people if we expand our cultural framework, to support and embrace their experiences as well.
Thank you for listening.